FastBridge is the ASD benchmark assessment and screening tool for students in grades K-3 in reading and grades K-2 in mathematics. Educators in grades 4-8 may also use FastBridge with students as a screening and progress monitoring tool. FastBridge utilizes curriculum-based measures and is used by schools as part of the ASD Comprehensive ...The SAEBRS and mySAEBRS norms are the basis of the corresponding benchmarks. The benchmarks were created by identifying cut scores from the SAEBRS and mySAEBRS norms. These benchmarks have been defined as follows: Low risk: scores above the 16th national percentile. Some risk: scores from the 3rd to the 16th national percentile.Updated 18 days ago Follow By default, FastBridge uses its current benchmarks to determine the risk cut-off scores for each assessment. District Managers can individually adjust the default benchmark cut-off scores for each assessment.Any other accommodations should be listed on the student's IEP. - CBM assessments, available via paper and pencil, can be taken as needed for any reason. - Text Magnification. - Sound Amplification. - Extra Breaks. - Preferential Seating and Use of Quiet Space. - Proxy Responses. - Extended Time (for aReading, aMath, and the untimed portions of ...2022. FastBridge Reading Benchmarks . Fall 2021 and Fall 2022. High Risk. ... scores for 2021-2022 A-F school letter grades. October 17th, 2022. SBE votes to approveFollow. To assist teachers with understanding their students’ aReading scores, the attached interpretation guide organizes score information by score ranges, skill categories, and skill descriptions with accompanying instructional recommendations. Starting in the 2018-2019 school year the aReading reports will provide skills information based ...Viewpoint – Data to Decisions QuicklyThe ACT reports College Readiness Benchmark Scores – A benchmark score is the minimum score needed on an ACT subject-area test to indicate a 50% chance of obtaining a B or higher or about a 75% chance of obtaining a C or higher in the correspondingDec 6, 2021 · Benchmark testing is like a checkup on how students are doing. We administer these tests three times a year. The fall benchmark test gives us an idea of where our students are at the beginning of the year. If a whole class is below the target score, we modify our whole group lesson to put them on track to catch up. 2022-2023 Approved Reading Assessments. Overview The Nebraska Reading Improvement Act (Nebraska Revised Statute 79-2601) went into effect in 2019, requiring school districts to administer a Nebraska Department of Education (NDE) approved reading assessment screener three times each year for all kindergarten through 3rd grade students.Our Common Core-aligned CBM probes apply cutting-edge research and development on conditional probability. The FAST Projection™ line uses our patent-pending algorithm to deliver actionable data in half the time as other systems. As a result, educators can make modifications to instruction earlier and accelerate student learning faster. FAST aReading Scale Score K 93 443 466 480 FAST aReading Scale Score K 94 445 469 481 FAST aReading Scale Score K 95 447 472 482 FAST aReading Scale Score K 96 450 474 485 FAST aReading Scale Score K 97 453 476 487 FAST aReading Scale Score K 98 457 479 491 FAST aReading Scale Score K 99 469 485 499 ©2019. FastBridge Learning. All Rights ...In this scenario, the case manager created a possible goal based on monitoring the student using fifth-grade CBMreading passages weekly from 1/8/2023 through 1/8/2024, excluding the summer. By entering the Start Score of 78 and leaving the Weekly Gain (i.e., ROI) amount at the realistic ROI of 1.4, the resulting annual goal for the student is ...Option 2- all or select students: Go to the screening page for the measures (page with the clocks) 1. Click the Individual Benchmark Report button to view the report for all students. 2. Click the box next to the student name (s) then click the Individual Benchmark Report button. This will display the report for only the students with the check ...MAP Grade-Level Spring 2023 - Second Pre-Code DUE - Students In System 3/6/23. March 20, 2023 to May 19, 2023. MAP Grade-Level Spring 2023 - Additional Materials Ordering Window. DUE March 20, 2023. MAP Grade-Level Spring 2023 - Large Print/Braille Materials Arrive In District. April 10, 2023 to June 16, 2023.Ask the Experts: Linking Assessment Results - FastBridge Math Interventions - Dr. Alexis Kiburis (10/22/2019) Preventing Long-Term Reading Problems: Building a Framework for the Early Identification and Intervention of Dyslexia - Sally Grimes Ed.M. Ask the Experts: Screening to Intervention Instruction Plans - Dr. Rachel Brown (9/24/19)For students with low scores: Compare the scores with student performance on other assessments and activities during remote instruction. If a student’s remote scores are significantly different from other indicators, they are probably not reliable and should not be used for instructional planning. FastBridge benchmarks are still important ...Jul 28, 2023 · Updates from the FastBridge Product Team. August 2022 - Summer Release Summary September 2022 - Summer Release FAQ Release Update: July 2023. The New Releases section of the hub will be updated bi-weekly to provide a summary of the most recent work we have done to fix issues and keep things up and running within the last two weeks. Benchmark standards (i.e., “cut scores” or “targets”) are built into the system to identify risk and provide indicators of a student’s likelihood of meeting a later learning goal. The best estimate of student early mathematics skill is the earlyMath composite score, comprised of subtest scores from multiple tests administered during a ...The authorization period for TXKEA and mCLASS Texas as free, Commissioner-selected literacy screening tools for kindergarten is through August 2024. This means that districts and open enrollment charters can use either of these tools to conduct the required beginning-of-year literacy screening for the 2022-2023 and 2023-2024 school years. If the state id is different, check with your district’s SRI data person to confirm which of the ids is correct for state reporting and provide that information. 7. Share the student’s scores with district/building staff who need it for decision making until the correction is made in FastBridge. If the score is missing because it was ...Dec 6, 2021 · Benchmark testing is like a checkup on how students are doing. We administer these tests three times a year. The fall benchmark test gives us an idea of where our students are at the beginning of the year. If a whole class is below the target score, we modify our whole group lesson to put them on track to catch up. Ask the Experts: Linking Assessment Results - FastBridge Math Interventions - Dr. Alexis Kiburis (10/22/2019) Preventing Long-Term Reading Problems: Building a Framework for the Early Identification and Intervention of Dyslexia - Sally Grimes Ed.M. Ask the Experts: Screening to Intervention Instruction Plans - Dr. Rachel Brown (9/24/19)What is illuminate FastBridge? FastBridge is the only universal screening, diagnostic reporting, and progress monitoring tool to combine Computer-Adaptive Testing (CAT) with Curriculum-Based Measures (CBM) for reading, math and social-emotional behavior. A combined offering of reading, math and social-emotional behavior for grades K-12.School-Level Screening Reports. Quickly and easily identify at-risk students, create MTSS groupings, and make recommendations for instruction and interventions to help classrooms get back on track. Group Screening Report. Group Growth Report. Impact Report. Grade 3 children undergo MAP Testing on their academic progress at the ages of 8-9 years. A computerized, adaptive test, the assessment is based on the Common Core Curriculum followed by a majority of US schools. It assesses the student on the material they have covered in their specific grade.The FastBridge adaptive assessments for reading and math reduce testing time by up to 50-95% when compared with traditional screeners. Our extensive research has enabled the aReading test of 30 to 60 items to replace a traditional test of about 100 items with equal or greater accuracy and actionable results. FAST aReading Scale Score K 93 443 466 480 FAST aReading Scale Score K 94 445 469 481 FAST aReading Scale Score K 95 447 472 482 FAST aReading Scale Score K 96 450 474 485 FAST aReading Scale Score K 97 453 476 487 FAST aReading Scale Score K 98 457 479 491 FAST aReading Scale Score K 99 469 485 499 ©2019. FastBridge Learning. All Rights ... Iowa ELI/Healthy Indicator 2023/24 Screening Windows. Fall and Winter window length will be five weeks long for the 2023-24 school year. Spring is 6 weeks to accommodate the highly varied school year end dates across the state.CBMreading. CBMreading is a research-based assessment offered in English for grades 1-8 and in Spanish for grades 1-6. By listening to a student read, a teacher can learn many important details about the student’s current reading skills, including evidence of skills in the areas of phonemic awareness, phonics, and fluency.Prices will range from $50 to $95 a month, it says. FastBridge also said it will have no data caps, free professional installation and simple month-to-month pricing plans.Jul 28, 2023 · Updates from the FastBridge Product Team. August 2022 - Summer Release Summary September 2022 - Summer Release FAQ Release Update: July 2023. The New Releases section of the hub will be updated bi-weekly to provide a summary of the most recent work we have done to fix issues and keep things up and running within the last two weeks. Our Common Core-aligned CBM probes apply cutting-edge research and development on conditional probability. The FAST Projection™ line uses our patent-pending algorithm to deliver actionable data in half the time as other systems. As a result, educators can make modifications to instruction earlier and accelerate student learning faster.Jan 26, 2020 · Within the FastBridge system, any scores collected during the screening period will be color-coded according to school norms (i.e., percentile groups) on the various reports. Scores collected outside of the screening period display in gray on the reports. FastBridge offers a suite of screening assessments, including the following: CBMReading The FastBridge default Benchmark settings are based on the national FastBridge norms and set based on scores corresponding to the values in the following percentile ranges. Below the 15th percentile: High Risk 15th - 39th percentiles: Some Risk 40th - 70th percentiles: Low Risk 71st percentile and above: AdvancedThese are noted in FAST as “!” or “!!” when students are at some risk (!) or high risk (!!). FastBridge Reports display students’ scores, risk levels according to benchmark targets, local norms, and more–all in one convenient report. FastBridge benchmarks are not based on the scores of students in the school or district. Rather ...The FastBridge adaptive assessments for reading and math reduce testing time by up to 50-95% when compared with traditional screeners. Our extensive research has enabled the aReading test of 30 to 60 items to replace a traditional test of about 100 items with equal or greater accuracy and actionable results. Jul 29, 2023 · 57.9%. Zen 3. 6 / 12. 3.6 / 4.2. 65W. Ryzen 5 5500. We have two rankings for each chip, based on 1080p and 1440p CPU gaming benchmarks. We conducted these tests in Windows 11. The most powerful ... The Connecticut Smarter Balanced Assessment for students in Grades 3 through 8. The Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS) assessment for students in Grades 5, 8, and 11. The Connecticut SAT School Day for students in Grade 11. - The Connecticut Alternate Assessment of English Language Proficiency (CAAELP) for eligible students in Grades K-12.FastBridge math assessments combine research-based Computer Adaptive Tests (CAT) for universal screening and highly sensitive Curriculum-Based Measures (CBM) for progress monitoring to quickly deliver accurate, actionable data. User-friendly reports help educators target the right math skills with the right instruction and move students toward ...The examinations, which count 20% of the students' final grade in each gateway or benchmark course, currently include Algebra 1, English 2, U.S. History and the Constitution, and Biology 1. All students must pass a high school credit course in science for which there is a state end-of-course assessment during their high school career. DIBELS 8th Edition. DIBELS 8th Edition is a set of short (one minute) fluency measures that can be used for universal screening, benchmark assessment, and progress monitoring in Kindergarten to 8th grade. DIBELS 8th Edition provides educators with standards for gauging the progress of all students.Ask the Experts: Linking Assessment Results - FastBridge Math Interventions - Dr. Alexis Kiburis (10/22/2019) Preventing Long-Term Reading Problems: Building a Framework for the Early Identification and Intervention of Dyslexia - Sally Grimes Ed.M. Ask the Experts: Screening to Intervention Instruction Plans - Dr. Rachel Brown (9/24/19)Percentile A type of norm score that shows the percentage of students in a group who scored at or below your child’s score. The lowest value is 1 and the highest is 99. Progress Monitoring Short weekly tests that a student takes to see progress. This is used when a student participates in an intervention. Universal ScreeningCBMreading English measures a student’s accuracy, automaticity, and prosody while reading out loud. It is recommended for monitoring the progress of students working toward grade-level reading goals in grades 1 through 12 because it is a highly sensitive measure of a student’s overall reading skills. Numerous research studies have ...Aug 24, 2023 · Note for 2022-23: Looking for the quick reference document? The document was created by a non-FastBridge/non-IA Department of Education source and will no longer be available due to the lack of capacity to maintain and ensure the accuracy. The Connecticut Smarter Balanced Assessment for students in Grades 3 through 8. The Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS) assessment for students in Grades 5, 8, and 11. The Connecticut SAT School Day for students in Grade 11. - The Connecticut Alternate Assessment of English Language Proficiency (CAAELP) for eligible students in Grades K-12. Updated 18 days ago Follow By default, FastBridge uses its current benchmarks to determine the risk cut-off scores for each assessment. District Managers can individually adjust the default benchmark cut-off scores for each assessment.ACT PROFILE REPORT- National Graduating Class 2022 Code 999999 National Total Students in Report: 1,349,644 New to your 2022 Profile Report For 2021-2022, contents of the ACT Profile Report remain consistent with last year. 2023-2024 Significant Reading Deficiency (SRD) Cut Scores in Colorado FastBridge . For students in grades K-3, users should report the applicable FastBridge scaled score. Students must exceed the indicated cut score to not be identified as having a Significant Reading Deficiency. SRD on aReading Scale . FallMay 22, 2023 · Paul Nowak. Updated 3 months ago. Follow. FastBridge provides both criteria (Benchmarks) as well as normative (Norms) data. Criterion-referenced data: FastBridge offers criterion-referenced scores, commonly called Benchmark scores, for each academic measure. These "cut scores" are the criteria by which a student's earned score is categorized. FastBridge assessing takes place three times a year. The three assessment windows are as follows. Individual assessment dates will vary by school. Beginning of Year (BOY): September 5, 2023, to October 6, 2023. Middle of Year (MOY): December 4, 2023, to February 2, 2024. End of Year (EOY): April 29, 2024, to May 31, 2024. 2022-2023 Approved Reading Assessments. Overview The Nebraska Reading Improvement Act (Nebraska Revised Statute 79-2601) went into effect in 2019, requiring school districts to administer a Nebraska Department of Education (NDE) approved reading assessment screener three times each year for all kindergarten through 3rd grade students. Any other accommodations should be listed on the student's IEP. - CBM assessments, available via paper and pencil, can be taken as needed for any reason. - Text Magnification. - Sound Amplification. - Extra Breaks. - Preferential Seating and Use of Quiet Space. - Proxy Responses. - Extended Time (for aReading, aMath, and the untimed portions of ...The following interim assessments were approved for use to meet the requirements of the READ Act through the end of the 2022-2023 school year. Please visit READ Act Approved Assessments to access the most current list of READ Act Interim Assessments. Please note: For access to historical cut score documents, please contact [email protected] below these numbers indicate a student who is “At Risk” for future reading difficulty. Vendor Assessment Title Grade Level Threshold Level(s) Fall Score Winter Score Spring Score Fastbridge FAST. TM. aReading K 386 417 437 Fastbridge FAST. TM. aReading 1 435 455 468 Fastbridge FAST. TM. aReading 2 469 481 490 Updates from the FastBridge Product Team. August 2022 - Summer Release Summary September 2022 - Summer Release FAQ Release Update: July 2023. The New Releases section of the hub will be updated bi-weekly to provide a summary of the most recent work we have done to fix issues and keep things up and running within the last two weeks.Early Literacy Screening Guidance. Early Literacy Screening Guidance. The Department of Elementary and Secondary Education (DESE) created the guidance document to support schools and districts as they conduct early literacy universal screenings required by Massachusetts regulation 603 CMR 28.03 (1)(f), effective July 1, 2023 which requires that schools and districts take the following actions:The FastBridge Learning suite of assessments was adopted previously and continues to be available to all Iowa schools to meet ELI requirements. FastBridge Learning K-6 literacy assessments are available at no cost to all public school districts and interested nonpublic schools that have the necessary technology to support implementation. 2 days ago · Follow. To assist teachers with understanding their students’ aReading scores, the attached interpretation guide organizes score information by score ranges, skill categories, and skill descriptions with accompanying instructional recommendations. Starting in the 2018-2019 school year the aReading reports will provide skills information based ... ACT PROFILE REPORT- National Graduating Class 2022 Code 999999 National Total Students in Report: 1,349,644 New to your 2022 Profile Report For 2021-2022, contents of the ACT Profile Report remain consistent with last year. We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. Note for 2022-23: Looking for the quick reference document? The document was created by a non-FastBridge/non-IA Department of Education source and will no longer be available due to the lack of capacity to maintain and ensure the accuracy.If the state id is different, check with your district’s SRI data person to confirm which of the ids is correct for state reporting and provide that information. 7. Share the student’s scores with district/building staff who need it for decision making until the correction is made in FastBridge. If the score is missing because it was ...Percentile A type of norm score that shows the percentage of students in a group who scored at or below your child’s score. The lowest value is 1 and the highest is 99. Progress Monitoring Short weekly tests that a student takes to see progress. This is used when a student participates in an intervention. Universal Screening Seasonal norms are based on scores obtained in the following date ranges: Fall: August 1 through October 31 Winter: January 1 through February 15 Spring: April 15 through May 31 Benchmarks Benchmarks are points on the test score scale, known as cut scores, that represent transitions between risk categories. Risk categories (high Scores below these numbers indicate a student who is “At Risk” for future reading difficulty. Vendor Assessment Title Grade Level Threshold Level(s) Fall Score Winter Score Spring Score Fastbridge FAST. TM. aReading K 386 417 437 Fastbridge FAST. TM. aReading 1 435 455 468 Fastbridge FAST. TM. aReading 2 469 481 490Jan 5, 2022 · The percentile to RIT charts can be found in Appendix C of the 2020 RIT Scale Norms Study, starting on page 109. Appendix C.1 contains the percentile charts for students, and C.2 contains the percentiles charts for schools. See MAP Growth: Where can I find the Norms Study and related documents? for a link to download the study. NWEA is a research-based, mission-driven organization that supports students and educators worldwide by creating assessment and learning solutions that precisely measure growth and proficiency—and provide trustworthy insights to help tailor instruction. Check out our easy-to-use resources.Ask the Experts: Linking Assessment Results - FastBridge Math Interventions - Dr. Alexis Kiburis (10/22/2019) Preventing Long-Term Reading Problems: Building a Framework for the Early Identification and Intervention of Dyslexia - Sally Grimes Ed.M. Ask the Experts: Screening to Intervention Instruction Plans - Dr. Rachel Brown (9/24/19)A score at or above the benchmark indicates that the odds are in the student’s favor of achieving the next benchmark, but it is not a guarantee. For example, if students at or above the benchmark have an 85% chance of meeting the next benchmark, that means that 15% of students in the At or Above Benchmark range may not achieve the subsequent ...With this report, educators can identify students who are “beating the odds” for their start score. For example, a student with a start score or initial screening score in the At Risk category, but whose ROI percentile rank is 70, is growing as well as or better than 70% of students in that group.FASTTM aReading Threshold Levels 2022-2023 Scores in the table are the minimum values needed for a student to be considered “Progressing” toward future reading success. Scores below these numbers indicate a student who is “At Risk” for future reading difficulty. contact the assessment provider directly.Percentile A type of norm score that shows the percentage of students in a group who scored at or below your child’s score. The lowest value is 1 and the highest is 99. Progress Monitoring Short weekly tests that a student takes to see progress. This is used when a student participates in an intervention. Universal ScreeningMastery View Predictive Assessment (MC Benchmark) - English 2, Algebra 1, Biology 1, U.S. History: Semester 1: September 26-30 Semester 1: November 14-18 Semester 2: February 27-March 3 Semester 2: April 24-28: 9-12 (Identified Students) ACCESS for ELLs (English Language Proficiency Assessment) Alternate ACCESS for ELLs: January 23-March 10* 9 ...FastBridge provides K-12 screening and progress monitoring across math, reading, and SEB in one subscription. 60+ mins for screening. results in testing fatigue, which impacts data validity. 5-30 mins for screening. FastBridge provides valid and reliable screening data in half the testing time. 12 progress monitoring data points needed to guide ...Any other accommodations should be listed on the student's IEP. - CBM assessments, available via paper and pencil, can be taken as needed for any reason. - Text Magnification. - Sound Amplification. - Extra Breaks. - Preferential Seating and Use of Quiet Space. - Proxy Responses. - Extended Time (for aReading, aMath, and the untimed portions of ...Note for 2022-23: Looking for the quick reference document? The document was created by a non-FastBridge/non-IA Department of Education source and will no longer be available due to the lack of capacity to maintain and ensure the accuracy.What is illuminate FastBridge? FastBridge is the only universal screening, diagnostic reporting, and progress monitoring tool to combine Computer-Adaptive Testing (CAT) with Curriculum-Based Measures (CBM) for reading, math and social-emotional behavior. A combined offering of reading, math and social-emotional behavior for grades K-12.
Jan 26, 2020 · Within the FastBridge system, any scores collected during the screening period will be color-coded according to school norms (i.e., percentile groups) on the various reports. Scores collected outside of the screening period display in gray on the reports. FastBridge offers a suite of screening assessments, including the following: CBMReading . Lowepercent27s bathroom design tool
FastBridge assessing takes place three times a year. The three assessment windows are as follows. Individual assessment dates will vary by school. Beginning of Year (BOY): September 5, 2023, to October 6, 2023. Middle of Year (MOY): December 4, 2023, to February 2, 2024. End of Year (EOY): April 29, 2024, to May 31, 2024. NWEA is a research-based, mission-driven organization that supports students and educators worldwide by creating assessment and learning solutions that precisely measure growth and proficiency—and provide trustworthy insights to help tailor instruction. Check out our easy-to-use resources.Prices will range from $50 to $95 a month, it says. FastBridge also said it will have no data caps, free professional installation and simple month-to-month pricing plans.Progress Monitoring. Bug. There was an issue causing the intervention name on a particular student plan to not save between the old and new progress monitoring setup forms. This has been resolved; if a plan was created in a different setup form, the intervention name will show as it should. AST-3278. Jul 25, 2023 · Updated 22 days ago Follow Type of FastBridge National Norms Two types of national norms are available in FastBridge: User Norms, and Demographically Matched Norms. User Norms The FastBridge User Norms are based on all available data from schools that used the assessment for universal screening up to a certain date. In the FastBridge system, scores at the 40th and 15th percentile ranks have been identified as the default benchmark levels. The resulting score ranges are described in relation to different levels of risk. Low risk. Students whose screening score is at or above the 40th percentile on FastBridge assessments are very likely to meet later ...May 22, 2023 · Paul Nowak. Updated 3 months ago. Follow. FastBridge provides both criteria (Benchmarks) as well as normative (Norms) data. Criterion-referenced data: FastBridge offers criterion-referenced scores, commonly called Benchmark scores, for each academic measure. These "cut scores" are the criteria by which a student's earned score is categorized. This site organizes resources related to the FastBridge assessments used for universal screening and progress monitoring at Des Moines Public Schools. Together, these assessments help us identify who has needs and evaluate whether instructional supports provided are meeting those needs. User Login. Users are required to login to FASTBridge ...For students with low scores: Compare the scores with student performance on other assessments and activities during remote instruction. If a student’s remote scores are significantly different from other indicators, they are probably not reliable and should not be used for instructional planning. FastBridge benchmarks are still important ...Prices will range from $50 to $95 a month, it says. FastBridge also said it will have no data caps, free professional installation and simple month-to-month pricing plans.scale score will differ across normative testing windows. New for the 2020–2021 school year, the national norming windows have been slightly adjusted in recognition of when districts tend to have students take the . i-Ready Diagnostic . assessment. The old and new norming window dates are listed below.The FastBridge Learning suite of assessments was adopted previously and continues to be available to all Iowa schools to meet ELI requirements. FastBridge Learning K-6 literacy assessments are available at no cost to all public school districts and interested nonpublic schools that have the necessary technology to support implementation. FastBridge recommends that students complete FASTtrack Reading and FASTtrack Math three times each school year as part of universal screening. The assessments included in FASTtrack Reading and FASTtrack Math were selected based on their capacity to predict student performance and indicate what type of instruction is needed.Option 2- all or select students: Go to the screening page for the measures (page with the clocks) 1. Click the Individual Benchmark Report button to view the report for all students. 2. Click the box next to the student name (s) then click the Individual Benchmark Report button. This will display the report for only the students with the check ... This means that districts and open enrollment charters can use either of these tools to conduct the required beginning-of-year literacy screening for the 2022-2023 and 2023-2024 school years. Click on an assessment name below to see more information directly from the publishers about the two Commissioner-approved kindergarten literacy instruments.A. The percent of 2nd-3rd grade students meeting benchmark on FastBridge CBM-Reading will increase from 54.3% in spring 2022 to 70% in spring 2026. i. Annual targets: Spring 2023 Spring 2024 Spring 2025 Spring 2026 57% 61% 65% 70% ii. Historical data: Spring 2019 Spring 2020 Spring 2021 Spring 2022 50.3% * 48.3% 54.3%Table 23: Grade 1 Percentiles for FAST aMath Assessment Score Metric Grade Percentile Fall Winter Spring FAST aMath Scale Score 1 1 167 176 179.